• DNA Maternity Test
• DNA Paternity Test
• DNA Kinship Test
• Native Ancestry
• Mitochondrial Matrilineal DNA Test
• Y-STR Patrilineal Test

DNA Maternity Test

A DNA maternity test will test the relationship between an applicant and his/her alleged mother. It is preferable to test the applicant’s biological father if available in order to establish the applicant’s paternal DNA pattern, before assessing the matches between the applicant and alleged mother. However it is possible to conduct a DNA maternity test without testing the applicant’s biological father.

DNA Paternity Test

A DNA paternity test will test the relationship between an applicant and his/her alleged father. It is preferable to test the applicant’s biological mother if available in order to establish the applicant’s maternal DNA pattern, before assessing the matches between the applicant and alleged father. However it is possible to conduct a DNA paternity test without testing the applicant’s biological mother.

DNA Kinship Test

A DNA kinship test will test the relationship between two or more individuals to assess if they are biologically related. Examples of the types of relationships which can be tested include:

• Paternal grandparents compared to a grandchild
• Aunt and/or uncle compared to a niece and/or nephew
• Full siblings
• Paternal half siblings
• Maternal half siblings

A kinship test is more complicated than a straightforward paternity or maternity test and may involve more consultation with Orchid Cellmark Customer Service staff to ensure that the most appropriate individuals are being tested. There are certain instances in which it will be beneficial to test individuals other than just the applicant and Tribal member.

Orchid Cellmark has a computer program that will predict the chances that a certain testing scenario will generate conclusive results. This program can be used to determine the appropriate number of individuals to test in order to obtain a conclusive result. Please contact Orchid Cellmark at 1-800-DNA-TEST for more information.

Native Ancestry

If an individual wishes to determine if they originate from Native American lineage, it is possible to conduct a test which will determine individual proportions of four unique ancestries:

• Native American
• African
• European
• East Asian

Please go to www.dnaprint.com for more information on this test.

Mitochondrial Matrilineal DNA Test

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited maternally but is passed on to both daughters and sons. Every child (male or female) of a particular woman has an exact copy of his or her mother’s mitochondrial DNA. Since mutations occur only once every 50 generations, a maternal line can be traced back many generations, when maternal descendency is the criterion for membership. A mtDNA test can establish if two living individuals have a common maternal lineage. Please contact Orchid Cellmark at 1-800-DNA-TEST for more information.

Y-STR Patrilineal Test

DNA present on the Y chromosome is inherited only by males from their fathers. All males who share the same paternal lineage would be expected to have the same Y-STR profile, going back many generations. A Y-STR test can establish that two living males have a father or fore-father in common, even if the father or fore-fathers are deceased. Please contact Orchid Cellmark at 1-800-DNA-TEST for more information.